1. Introduction

If you want collagen, beauty, skin regeneration, anti-aging, your answer is very simple: L-Lysine and essential amino acids (Thot Aminos) – the best and only way… Then you can skip the science.

In order to produce collagen, you need a lot of L-Lysine and vitamin C

Bralgei Shackry aka Gabriel Pesa

Is that all? Yes. Your body can produce collagen if you have these 2 ingredients.

We give you the highest grade and the highest concentration of L-Lysine on the market.

You take care of the vitamin C

…now let’s go into details and science

Of all the 9 essential amino acids, L-Lysine is a special one when it comes to human body structure, beauty and cosmetics (skin, tendons, blood vessels, cartilages, bones and connective tissue – which anchors cells to each other).

Yes, I’m talking about L-Lysine because it is known especially for collagen synthesis, skin and for stabilizing the structural matrix. Collagen is the most abundant protein in our body[1]. It represents between 25-35% of all proteins and 75% of skin. There is an entire beauty industry . However, few people know the real science behind the production, regeneration and long-time maintenance of the matrix.

There are 28 known types of collagen the most abundant being type I – 90% (skin, tendon, vasculature, organs, bone), type II (cartilage), type III (reticular fibers) and type IV (basement membrane).

The story around collagen is pretty long and complicated, but here you have the opportunity to get the most important conclusions after years of studying and learning about such an important protein. Two of the key essential elements are L-Lysine and Vitamin C. One is an essential amino acid and the other is an essential vitamin. Neither one can be produced by the body. Skin and anti-aging is depending on them.

Don’t you find it a little odd that the synthesis of the most abundant protein in the body depends on two elements that the body cannot produce? Have you ever asked yourself why? I might be wrong, but… depending on an outside nutrient might be one of the Universe’s elegant ways to show to the arrogant human being that he is still part of something bigger than himself.

Coming back to collagen, there are a lot of hydrolyzed forms that are being sold in the entire world. The question is: are supplements really effective? There is a huge debate around this topic: some studies say they work, some say they are not that effective. If you want to see more on this matter, I highly encourage you to read some articles:

• Do collagen supplements work? Here’s what science say?
• Ways to smooth the skin by boosting collagen levels
• Here’s What You Really Need To Know About Collagen Drinks

Cosmetics industries understood the importance of L-Lysine in skin health and care. Doctors around the world shared their view on L-Lysine and its recognized skincare benefits[2]. However, L-Lysine is not the only factor in this equation. One must not rely on one supplement for its rejuvenating properties. Vitamin C is too a key element, but a proper cellular hydration and a healthy lifestyle is a must. Then we can talk supplements.

L-Lysine is the most effective essential amino acid in skin rejuvenation and it significantly improves our appearance. But L-Lysine does much more than that when it comes to overall health. Together we will discover the details about L-Lysine and its functions, benefits and uses.

Take your time and enjoy reading our article!

2. L-Lysine and Essential Amino Acids in Health, Body Structure and Beauty

L-Lysine is the most important beauty-oriented amino acid of all the 9 essential amino acids (EAAs). This amino acid has many essential roles in various body functions. All of these roles and pathways will be presented in detail. But first, let’s recap:

2.1.       What are Essential Amino Acids?

Amino acids are the building blocks of life[3] – they are indispensable to life – the ones the body uses to build up proteins, hormones, neurotransmitters and all that is necessary.

There are 20 amino acids in nature, of which 9 are essential amino acids (they must be supplemented from food, as the human body cannot synthesize them): L-Leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, L-methionine, L-lysine, L-threonine, L-histidine

Amino acids and enzymes are the key supplements that underlie the optimal functioning of protein metabolism. This is the indispensable team for the human body performance. The reality is that we are all deficient in amino acids. For the curious people, there are test panels for amino acid deficiencies[3].

Amino acids are used for protein synthesis. Proteins are really the molecules that keep our body alive and running. Life would not exist without proteins. And life thrives when we have the right proteins. Most people believe that it is proteins that we need to take out from our diet. I love to break it to you: it’s not proteins, it’s an amino-acids that we need.  

The body cannot absorb proteins. They are digested by enzymes and broken down into amino acids. They are absorbed and used to build the appropriate proteins for the human body. I repeat. It’s the amino acids that we need.

2.2        Why ESSENTIAL (INDISPENSABILE) Amino Acids?

As I’ve already mentioned above, essential amino acids are those 9 amino acids that the human body, in the evolutionary process, has lost the genetic ability to synthetize. Therefore, they need to be supplemented from an outside source.

These are the 9 essential amino acids – their roles in the human body:

• L-Leucine – stimulates muscle protein synthesis, being directly involved in the functions of anabolism or body growth and development[5].
• L-Lysine – is involved in the most important regulatory processes like gene expression, cellular metabolism and protein stability. Practically, L-Lysine is the key to epigenetics[6] and is essential in longevity and regeneration.
• L-Isoleucine – is an important regulator of blood sugar, muscle repair and energy regulation[7].
• L-Valine – is both an EAA and a BCAA. It is needed for muscle, tissue repair and maintaining an optimal level of nitrogen in the body. Along with leucine and isoleucine, it helps protect muscle tissue[8].
• L-Threonine – is important for the production of antibodies, for the immune system and can be converted to glycine and serine. It also contributes to the synthesis of collagen, elastin and tooth enamel and helps in liver metabolism[9].
• L-Phenylalanine – stimulates the synthesis and release of neurotransmitters and hormones such as dopamine and norepinephrine, substances necessary for the optimal activity of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. They are basically the two neurotransmitters that make us “feel good” and get over an intense pain or an unpleasant event more easily[10].
• L-Methionine – provides the body with sulfur – sulfur is very important in the synthesis of glutathione – the most powerful antioxidant in the body, the synthesis of cysteine, taurine, as well as other compounds necessary for optimal functioning, growth and regeneration, detoxification[11].
• L-Histidine – previously considered non-essential for adults, histidine is involved in important mechanisms involving the immune, inflammatory and digestive systems. It is a precursor for a powerful antioxidant and for an effective UV light protector[12].
• L-Tryptophan – helps release basic neurotransmitters, hormones for well-being and sleep. Examples include serotonin (the “hormone of happiness”) and melatonin (the hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle)[13].

“It is not protein that we need, it is amino acids:

essential, bio-available, orthomolecular (left-folded)”

Read more about essential amino acids by accessing the main article:

Building blocks of life and nutrition – What are essential amino acids?

To find out more about the muscle – the organ of longevity – please read our article L-Leucine – the best key to muscle recovery, health and longevity in 2023,

2.3        L-Lysine – The Most Important Essential Amino Acid for Structural Integrity and BEAUTY

To begin with, L-Lysine, like all the other amino acids in Thot Aminos formula, is an essential amino acid, therefore it needs to be supplemented from an outside source: foods rich in L-Lysine or efficient supplements. The body cannot produce essential amino acids, but they are all vital for the body to accomplish its functions.

Thot Nutrition offers the best formula with the highest quality ingredients.

For biohacking style, we bring to you the best L-Lysine in the world – vegan, pure, orthomolecular, low molecule, high density, low molecule, top quality – ready for direct absorption and utilization.

Bralgei Shackry

Known for its beauty effects, L-Lysine is essential for collagen synthesis, but has multiple roles. The main ones are as it follows:

Functions and Benefits of L-Lysine:

• It contributes to collagen synthesis and stabilization of the collagen matrix. Two of the key essential elements in collagen synthesis are L-lysine and vitamin C. One is an essential amino acid and the other is an essential vitamin. None can be produced by the body and need to be taken from outside.
• Collagen is an essential structural protein that provides strength, elasticity  and support to many tissues, including skin, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels. It’s what actually holds our cells together, in a structured and organized form! Without a solid collagen matrix we would be nothing more than a mass of cells of different shapes and sizes.
• Participates in protein synthesis. L-lysine helps decode information stored in mRNA during the translation step, along with other amino acids. Apart from that, it is an essential amino acid that participates in the structure of proteins.
• Supports muscle growth and recovery. Intense workouts put a lot of strain on the body, and an optimal collagen matrix ensures strong connective tissues, reducing the risk of injury. In addition, L-lysine facilitates the production of nitric oxide, known for vasodilation and oxygenation of muscles.
• Improves liver function and lowers cholesterol levels. L-lysine is an essential amino acid involved in the production of digestive and metabolic enzymes that optimize triglyceride and cholesterol levels regulated by the liver.
• Improves calcium absorption. L-Lysine improves calcium absorption from the intestines and potentiates the effects of vitamin D. By forming a strong collagen matrix in bones, calcium is retained in bone tissue in a greater proportion.
• Strengthens the immune system. L-Lysine has significant antiviral activity, especially against simple herpesvirus HVS. It has immunomodulatory effects and stimulates the production of antibodies.
• It can help manage herpes outbreaks. L-lysine has the ability to reduce the frequency, severity and duration of herpes outbreaks. The HSV virus requires the amino acid arginine to replicate. L-lysine  and arginine compete for the  absorption  pathway, and it is thought that increasing lysine levels and reducing arginine levels may help suppress viral replication.[4]
• Helps in the synthesis of hormones. L-lysine has the potential to stimulate the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Growth hormone is essential for growth, development and maintenance of optimal body composition. L-lysine may also play a role in the synthesis of serotonin, known as the “hormone of happiness,” as well as other hormones, like all other essential amino acids.
• Supports optimal brain activity. L-lysine is involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine  and norepinephrine, involved in good mood and pleasure. Optimal levels of lysine contribute to dopamine production, supporting cognitive function, concentration, and motivation. It oxygenates the brain by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis  and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
• Maintains cardiovascular health. By engaging in collagen synthesis, L-lysine helps maintain strong , elastic and resilient blood vessels. In addition, it has the potential to reduce arterial plaque formation, known as atherosclerosis. Studies have also shown that L-lysine supplementation can help lower blood pressure levels.
• Regulates gene expression.5]

These pathways all contribute to a healthy and beautiful body, especially the one involving collagen synthesis. We will now break down these mechanisms for you to better understand how exactly can L-Lysine significantly improve your body’s appearance in a way that is not only beautiful, but natural, healthy and long-lasting. Who wouldn’t want a truly long-lasting effect??

[1] Di Lullo GA, Sweeney SM, Korkko J, Ala-Kokko L, San Antonio JD. Mapping the ligand-binding sites and disease-associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human, type I collagen. J Biol Chem. 2002 Feb 8;277(6):4223-31.

[2] Byrdie – Lysine for Skin

[3] Building blocks of life and nutrition – What are essential amino acids?

[4] Thein DJ, Hurt WC. Lysine as a prophylactic agent in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984 Dec;58(6):659-66.

[5] Dambacher S, Hahn M, Schotta G. Epigenetic regulation of development by histone lysine methylation. Heredity (Edinb). 2010 Jul;105(1):24-37.

2    How does L-Lysine improve our body?

This will be an interesting journey.

2.2        L-Lysine is a very important ESSENTIAL amino acid

• L-Lysine cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained through diet.
• In general, it is best to consume EAAs in a balanced and varied diet. However, for individuals who may not be able to consume and/or extract enough EAAs through diet alone, supplementation is key. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any supplementation regimen.
• There are various L-Lysine rich foods. However, as you may have already read in our main article, the human body generally has trouble digesting, extracting, absorbing, folding and using essential amino acids, including L-Lysine. This comes with aging and appears due to the lack of enzymes – The already “famous” enzymes-amino acids vicious cycle (at least on this website).
• Here you can find a list of L-Lysine rich foods. L-Lysine is naturally present in the following foods like[1]:
• Beef & lamb meat – 3582 mg/100g
• Parmesan – 3306 mg/100g
• Poultry meat (turkey or chicken) – 3110 mg/100g
• Pork meat – 2757 mg/100g
• Soy beans & products – 2634 mg/100g
• Tuna fish – 2590 mg/100g
• Shrimp – 2172 mg/100g
• Pumpkin seeds – 1386 mg/100g
• Eggs – 912 mg/100g
• White beans – 668 mg/100g
• Other fish (cod, sardine) and shellfish
• Spirulina and fenugreek seeds

Sure… you can use food as a source for your aminos… but…

For biohacking style, we bring to you the best L-Lysine in the world – vegan, pure, orthomolecular, low molecule, high density, low molecule, top quality – ready for direct absorption and utilization.

3.2        L-Lysine’s FUNCTIONS in the Human Body

3.2.1  L-Lysine supports COLLAGEN FORMATION

Collagen is an essential structural protein that provides strength, elasticity, and support to many tissues, including the skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It’s what actually keeps our cells together, in a structured and organized form! Without a solid collagen matrix, we would be nothing but a mass of cells with different shapes and sizes. Long story short, if you manage to optimally and constantly regenerate your collagen matrix, youth and beauty is nothing but a natural consequence! Can it really be done? With the right knowledge and practice, anything can be done!

Collagen synthesis is not a simple process. Moreover, stabilizing the collagen structure is at least as important as its synthesis. To read more on collagen synthesis, please read.

So, let’s see how L-Lysine supports the collagen matrix:

Firstly, L-Lysine is involved in a critical step of collagen synthesis, known as hydroxylation[2]. The addition of hydroxyl groups to some amino acids, such as proline and lysine, provides stability and proper folding of collagen molecules.

Then, L-Lysine helps in cross-linking of collagen fibers[3]. After collagen molecules get out of the cells, there are some enzymatic cross-links between collagen molecules. These cross-links make the collagen fibers stronger and more stable.

L-Lysine contributes to collagen’s stability and structure[4], participating in the formation of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and other chemical interactions within and between collagen molecules. All of these helps maintain the triple helical structure of collagen and a proper alignment and organization.

Collagen is known to be synthesized in wound healing, in order to replace damaged or lost tissue. For the collagen production during the wound healing, the body needs sufficient amounts of L-Lysine.

It is now obvious that L-Lysine supports skin health and elasticity. Collagen is a major component of the skin and is responsible for its strength, elasticity, and resilience. Besides the structural support, collagen helps retain moisture, and contribute to the skin’s elasticity.

3.2.2  L-Lysine promotes PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein synthesis is a vital process that involves the creation of new proteins from amino acids. The detailed mechanisms through which L-Lysine participates in protein synthesis are the following:

First and foremost, L-Lysine is an Essential Amino Acid. All essential amino acids must be obtained through the diet, one way or another. Without an adequate supply of L-Lysine or any other essential amino acid, the body cannot synthesize proteins properly. Remember! Proportion is the key! Not too long ago, the egg protein was considered to be the ideal protein for human consumption. More recent studies suggest there can be an even better proportion. The quest for the perfect formula led to the making of Thot Aminos.

Protein synthesis is done through several steps. In the first stage, the genetic information stored in your DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), a process called transcription. Then, the mRNA carries the instructions to the ribosomes, where the information stored in the mRNA is decoded, a process called translation. L-Lysine helps in decoding the information stored in the mRNA during translation, together with other amino acids.

During protein synthesis in the ribosomes, L-Lysine is attached to transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, forming aminoacyl-tRNA. This compound carries L-Lysine to the ribosomes and it is then matched with the specific codon for L-Lysine in the mRNA sequence, ensuring the correct incorporation of L-Lysine into the growing protein chain. In other words, L-Lysine has to get to a very specific place in the protein chain in order for the protein to be correctly structured and functional, and this is ensured by aminoacyl-tRNA formation.

Last, but not least, L-Lysine participates in peptide bond formation. L-Lysine contributes to the elongation of the protein chain by forming peptide bonds with neighboring amino acids.

3.2.3  L-Lysine supports MUSCLE GROWTH and RECOVERY

L-Lysine’s role in protein synthesis makes it particularly beneficial for muscle growth and recovery. During exercise or physical activity, muscle tissues experience wear and tear, requiring repair and regeneration. However, when we talk about muscle growth, we talk really about the whole THOT AMINOS formula and especially about Thot Nutrition’s top quality L-Leucine.

See also the best L-Leucine on the market. Is a co-factor in protein synthesis.

But, in practice, weightlifting and other physical activities demand very strong connective tissues. L-Lysine’s support in collagen synthesis indirectly aids in my muscle growth by maintaining their integrity and reducing the risk of injuries.

In addition to that, after intense workouts, the body’s immune system can be temporarily compromised. L-Lysine’s role in immune support indirectly helps you stay consistent with your training, without worrying about any illness.

Furthermore, the nitric oxide production facilitated by L-Lysine enhances muscle pump and blood flow during workouts. This increased blood flow delivers more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, providing an extra boost for growth and aiding in post-workout recovery.

Lastly, L-Lysine’s antioxidant properties have been valuable in combating the oxidative stress induced by intense exercise, allowing faster recovery for the muscles. However, remember that, when it comes to muscle, L-Lysine may help, but you need all 9 essential aminos, especially L-Leucine.

3.2.4  L-Lysine enhances CALCIUM ABSORBTION, RETENTION & UTILIZATION[5]

Calcium is an essential mineral that is crucial for various bodily functions, including bone health, muscle contractions, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. L-Lysine ensures that an adequate amount of calcium is available for these functions.

Lysine has been found to enhance calcium absorption in the intestines: L-Lysine works hand in hand with calcium transporters in your body, ensuring that calcium from your diet gets absorbed efficiently into your bloodstream.

As you surely know by now, L-Lysine is involved in collagen synthesis, the protein that forms the structural framework of your bones. When collagen is strong, it helps retain calcium within the bone matrix. Bones are made of 60% collagen and 40% a mix of 12 minerals including (Boron, Calcium, Chromium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Selenium, Sodium, Potassium, Sulfur, Silica and Phosphorus) plus 65 trace minerals, including. So, by supporting collagen production, L-Lysine contributes to maintaining healthy calcium levels in your bones.

L-Lysine also plays a role in the synthesis of calcium-binding proteins, which help regulate the levels of calcium within your cells. These proteins ensure that calcium is properly utilized in various cellular processes throughout your body.

Few know that L-Lysine and vitamin D work together to optimize calcium absorption. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium levels and promotes its absorption from the intestines, while L-Lysine enhances the effects of vitamin D on calcium absorption.

Maintaining a rich ionic calcium diet is done through consuming leafy green salads. Green leaves store enough calcium, without needing to supplement it. It is more important to regulate calcium metabolism than to supplement with calcium!

3.2.5  L-Lysine boosts IMMUNE FUNCTION

Lysine plays a significant role in supporting a healthy immune system. It is involved in the production of antibodies, which are proteins that help identify and neutralize foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.

This essential amino acid has been studied for its potential antiviral properties, particularly against certain types of viruses, including the herpes simplex virus (HSV)[6].

 Adequate levels of L-Lysine are necessary for the optimal functioning of immune cells like lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which are responsible for recognizing and eliminating pathogens.

L-Lysine has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects, regulating the production of certain immune factors, such as cytokines. This modulation helps in preventing excessive inflammation or immune overactivity.

And last but not least, L-Lysine supplementation has been found to reduce the effects of stress, by reducing cortisol levels[7]. Stress can weaken immune function, making you more susceptible to infections. L-Lysine may help counteract some of the negative impacts of stress on the immune system.

3.2.6  L-Lysine may help manage viral and HERPES infections

Lysine has gained attention for its potential role in managing outbreaks caused by the herpes simplex virus. Let’s see what are the biological and molecular mechanisms involved in this.

Herpes Simplex Viral Infections: HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores (oral herpes), while HSV-2 is associated with genital herpes. L-Lysine has been investigated for its ability to reduce the frequency, severity, and duration of outbreaks in these conditions[8].

HSV requires the amino acid arginine to replicate. L-Lysine and arginine share a common pathway for absorption, and it is believed that increasing the ratio of lysine to arginine can help suppress viral replication. L-Lysine competes with arginine for absorption and utilization, potentially limiting arginine’s availability for viral replication. By increasing lysine levels and reducing arginine levels, lysine supplementation may help inhibit viral replication and reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of herpes outbreaks, including cold sores[9].

Even if some studies suggest potential benefits of L-Lysine for herpes management, results may vary from person to person. It’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

3.2.7  L-Lysine assists in HORMONE PRODUCTION

L-Lysine has been studied for its potential to stimulate the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Growth hormone is essential for growth, development, and maintaining healthy body composition. L-Lysine supplementation has been found to enhance the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which may contribute to increased growth hormone secretion.

In my opinion, stimulating HGH is the most important factor for antiaging corelated with L-Lysine.

L-Lysine and arginine share a competitive relationship for absorption and cellular uptake. Studies suggest that maintaining an appropriate balance between lysine and arginine levels may impact certain hormone pathways. For example, lysine can inhibit arginine-induced insulin release, potentially influencing insulin regulation in the body.

Moreover, L-Lysine may play a role in serotonin synthesis. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and hormone that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. A deficiency in lysine could potentially affect serotonin levels.

Please consult a healthcare professional before supplementing with L-Lysine, particularly when talking about hormones.

3.2.8  L-Lysine supports BRAIN HEALTH

L-Lysine is involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Adequate lysine levels help maintain balanced serotonin levels, promoting a positive mood and emotional well-being[10], while dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and pleasure. Optimal lysine levels contribute to dopamine production, supporting cognitive function, focus, and motivation.

Moreover, scientific evidence suggests that the brain’s nitric oxide (NO) signaling system may be involved in schizophrenia and could thus constitute a treatment. The study was designed to investigate the benefit of L-lysine, which interferes with NO production, as an add-on treatment for schizophrenia[11].

Having antioxidant properties, L-Lysine can help neutralize harmful free radicals in the brain. By reducing oxidative stress and health by reducing inflammation and immune-related damage, L-Lysine may help protect brain cells in cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

3.2.9  L-Lysine helps maintain CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

Cardiovascular disease is one of the top health problems worldwide. It is only natural for healthcare practitioners to search for natural and effective solutions to help in this area. Although L-Lysine is not the main essential amino acid to improve cardiovascular health, it has some benefits worth mentioning. Since the heart muscle is a muscle, for muscle and cardiovascular health, please read our article L-Leucine – the best key to muscle recovery, health and longevity in 2023,

By being involved in collagen synthesis L-Lysine indirectly provides structural support to blood vessels. Collagen helps maintain strong, elastic, and resistant blood vessels. Healthy blood vessels have a major contribution to cardiovascular health, especially when we talk about hypertension.

L-Lysine has also been studied for its potential to reduce the formation of arterial plaque, known as atherosclerosis. L-Lysine may prevent the accumulation of lipoprotein, a type of cholesterol associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Studies have also shown that L-Lysine supplementation can help lower blood pressure levels, particularly in individuals with hypertension[12]. Therefore, the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes may be decreased.

In general, whenever we talk about chronic disease, we talk about chronic inflammation. The cardiovascular system is no exception. Known to reduce inflammation, L-Lysine may help prevent heart disease and protect the heart and vessels. L-Lysine is also known for its antioxidant effects, which can help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the cardiovascular system.

L-Lysine is an essential nutrient which can support cardiovascular health, that’s true. However, do not neglect your cardiovascular care provided by your medical practitioner, nor a healthy diet or lifestyle. When it comes to the heart, it’s serious business.

3.2.10       L-Lysine and EPIGENETICS (Regulating GENE EXPRESION)  

There isn’t substantial evidence to suggest that L-Lysine directly regulates gene expression in a well-established and direct manner, but there are studies that suggests this:

Enzymes of Epigenetics, Part A

D. Hayward, P.A. Cole, in Methods in Enzymology, 2016

Abstract:

The lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1) is a flavin-dependent amine oxidase that selectively removes one or two methyl groups from histone H3 at the Lys4 position. Along with histone deacetylases 1 and 2, LSD1 is involved in epigenetically silencing gene expression. LSD1 has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target in cancer and other diseases. In this chapter, we discuss several approaches to measure LSD1 demethylase activity and their relative strengths and limitations for inhibitor discovery and mechanistic characterization. In addition, we review the principal established chemical functional groups derived from monoamine oxidase inhibitors that have been investigated in the context of LSD1 as demethylase inhibitors. Finally, we highlight a few examples of recently developed LSD1 mechanism-based inactivators and their biomedical applications.

However, the regulation of gene expression is a complex process involving multiple factors, including transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and various signaling pathways. While amino acids, including l-lysine, are essential for the synthesis of proteins, they typically do not have a direct role in the control of gene expression at the molecular level.

It’s important to note that scientific understanding evolves, and new research may emerge. If there have been developments in the field of molecular biology or biochemistry after my last update, I recommend checking more recent sources or scientific literature for the latest information on the topic.

3.3        Medical uses for L-Lysine

Although this article is not about medical advice of any kind, although the purpose of this article is in educating the people towards a healthy lifestyle, which naturally prevents disease, we cannot ignore the fact that nutrients like L-Lysine and the others have been discovered to have some medical uses. L-Lysine, the natural form of the amino acid lysine, has several recognized therapeutic applications. These are the main ones:

3.3.1  L-Lysine in Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections:

L-Lysine is commonly used as a dietary supplement to manage outbreaks of herpes simplex virus infections, including cold sores (oral herpes) and genital herpes. Some studies suggest that high-dose lysine supplementation may help reduce the frequency, duration, and severity of outbreaks. Lysine is believed to inhibit the replication of the herpes virus by competing with arginine, which is required for viral replication.

3.3.2  L-Lysine in Osteoporosis:

Lysine plays a role in calcium absorption and collagen synthesis, both of which are important for bone health[13]. Some studies have suggested that lysine supplementation, in combination with other nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, may help improve bone mineral density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis, especially in postmenopausal women.

3.3.3  L-Lysine in Anxiety and Stress

Lysine is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin, which plays a role in mood regulation. Some evidence suggests that lysine supplementation may help reduce anxiety symptoms and promote a sense of calmness[14].

3.3.4  L-Lysine in Wound Healing:

Lysine’s involvement in collagen synthesis makes it important for wound healing. Collagen is a key component of skin tissue, and adequate lysine levels are necessary for the production and proper arrangement of collagen fibers. Lysine supplementation may help support wound healing, particularly in cases of surgical incisions, burns, and other skin injuries.

3.3.5  L-Lysine in Viral Infections:

Besides herpes viruses, lysine has been investigated for its potential antiviral activity against other viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human papillomavirus (HPV). However, more research is required to determine its effectiveness against these viral infections.

While L-Lysine has shown promise in these areas, larger and more high-quality research is needed to establish its effectiveness and determine optimal dosages. Please consult with a healthcare professional before starting L-Lysine supplementation.

4    L-Lysine – KEY ELEMENTS in HEALTH, BODY STRUCTURE & BEAUTY

4.1        The Source – WHY is our L-Lysine no.1 in the world?

• One of the most important aspects in the supplement industry, especially when it is about the building blocks of life itself, is THE SOURCE of the supplement. Being pure, with the least possible additives, and the label matching the actual product should not even be mentioned, it should be self-evident. Thot Nutrition has been searching and found the best of the best in every possible aspect of what a product can deliver. What does this mean?
• So far, the best L-Lysine suppliers on the market have managed to deliver pretty effective whey-based products. Our L-Lysine is manufactured by the best producers in the world, with instant absorption and utilization. How many products deliver this kind of efficiency? No digestion needed (just dissolving) and no metabolizing needed (already folded properly).
• Our L-Lysine is soluble; making is very easy to be absorbed and used by the body with almost no processing.
• Our L-Lysine supplement is orthomolecular. This means it is properly folded to the left, so the body can utilize it instantly, without any other process needed prior to utilization.
• Our L-Lysine is plant-based. The basic protein source in nature is either plant-based or animals-based. The reality is that animals are just an intermediate organism in the life chain, build to extract essential amino acids from plants and bring it into a single organism. Thot Nutrition understands the natural order of life and uses modern technology to produce and extract all 9 essential amino acids through biosynthesis, directly from plants, avoiding all the unnecessary effects of meat consumption. Most L-Lysine products are whey-based. Animal meat and animal-based products like whey are just an intermediary form of life in the food chain, designed to deliver the whole range of essential amino acids to the human needs. Whey has passed the test of time, but modern technology brings us to the next level: take your essential amino acids directly from the source. Pure, optimized and carefully formulated by Bralgei Shackry (www.bralgei.com ).
• Our L-Lysine has a very low molecule. The reduced size allows it to enter places in the body other products could not even dream of. One of the secrets of its efficacy is that it can get to places others cannot, with a very high probability of surpassing the natural protection mechanisms like the blood brain barrier for the brain or the pericardium for the heart.
• In addition to that, our L-Lysine is high density, so you have more molecules per dose than all the products currently available on the market.

We are proud to bring Japan quality to our country via our state of art products. We deserve the best.

YOU deserve the best.

4.2        L-Lysine – the “BEAUTY Wizard” of Essential Amino Acids

Type I collagen is the most abundant structural protein in vertebrates. It is composed of two α1 chains and one α2 chain, forming a long triple helix. During biosynthesis, collagen acquires many post-translational modifications, including lysine modifications, critical to the structure and biological functions of this protein. These modifications of collagen are highly complicated[15] and they are catalyzed by several groups of enzymes, all going to the final step of biosynthesis – covalent intermolecular cross-linking of collagen.

L-Lysine has been found to have a synergistic effect when combined with vitamin C. These two nutrients work together to promote collagen synthesis, boost immune function, and support overall health. Vitamin C helps enhance the absorption and utilization of L-Lysine in the body, making them a powerful combination for various health benefits.

When it comes to beauty, L-Lysine can be a helpful ally for your skin, hair, and nails. By supporting collagen synthesis, it can improve the elasticity of your skin, reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. This amino acid also plays a role in healthy hair growth and strengthening your nails.

If you’re looking to upgrade your beauty routine, you might seriously consider adding L-Lysine into your daily intake. Of course, real and long-term self-care needs a holistic approach: for more details, check out my article on Longevity Practices.

4.3        L-Lysine in REJUVENATION & ANTI-AGING

In addition to collagen synthesis, L-Lysine may be very important in the activation of mTORC1[16].

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a protein complex that functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis activity. It is sensitive to changes in amino acid levels, especially to L-Lysine, regulating cell growth and metabolism.

I have already mentioned the role of the lysine in the production of HGH (Human Growh Hormone) that is essential to regeneration, rejuvenation and youth.

Moreover, there is a L-Lysine containing peptide, called GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) known to be a natural modulator in skin regeneration. GHK is present in human plasma, saliva and urine but declines with age. GHK coupled with copper may accelerate wound healing and skin repair.

Health & beauty benefits are proposed by recent discoveries as presented below:

• stimulates both synthesis and breakdown of collagen
• stimulates production of HGH
• modulates the activity of both metalloproteinases and their inhibitors
• stimulates dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and decorin (proteinoglycan) in cartilage
• restores vitality to fibroblasts after radiation therapy
• attracts immune and endothelial cells to the site of an injury
• accelerates systemic wound-healing
• stimulates hair follicles, gastrointestinal tract, boney tissue

In cosmetic products, it has been found to tighten loose skin and improve skin elasticity, density and firmness, to reduce fine lines and wrinkles, photodamage and hyper-pigmentation, and to increase keratinocyte production. According to recent studies, GHK has could be a therapeutic agent in skin inflammation, COPD and colon cancer. It is known for the capacity to up- and downregulate at least 4,000 human genes, in other words for being capable of resetting DNA to a healthier state [17].

So… knowing all that, L-Lysine really seems to be “beauty queen of essential amino acids”

5    Recommendation and posology

According to EFSA (European Food Safety Administration)[18], L-Lysine supplements are reported as safe for administration. The recommended daily intake of L-Lysine can vary depending on a person’s age, sex, weight, and activity level.

L-Lysine supplements are available in various forms, including powders, capsules, and tablets. The dosage and form of L-Lysine supplementation can vary depending on the individual’s needs and goals. In general, L-Lysine intake in the Western human diet is in the range 40-180 mg/kg/day. An upper limit of 300-400 mg/kg/day can be considered in humans[19].

Adverse events are mainly gastrointestinal symptoms; however, the risk incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms is very low. The “safety zone” of L-Lysine administration in healthy humans is below 6.0 g/d [20].

It is important to note that L-Lysine supplements should not be used as a substitute for a healthy diet. It is best to consume L-Lysine as part of a well-balanced diet that includes all the 9 essential amino acids, as formulated in Thot Aminos, together with whole and healthy foods.

In general, a dose of 30-60 mg/kg/day (or an average of 2-3 g/day) of L-lysine is sufficient. The upper limit is around 80 mg/kg/day. Doses may be adjusted as needed according to the following recommendations:

Adults:

• Easy physical activity / adult 70 kg: 2-3/day (30 mg/kg x d^-1)
• Moderate physical activity/ adult 70 kg: 3-4/day (45 mg/kg x d^-1)
• Hard physical activity / adult 70 kg: 4-5/day (60 mg/kg x d^-1)

Teenagers:

• Easy physical activity / teenager 43 kg: 1-2/day (35 mg/kg x d^-1)
• Easy physical activity / teenager 63 kg: 1-2/day (33 mg/kg x d^-1)

Recommended doses for essential amino acids infants, children and adolescents (WHO/FAO/UNU, 2007)

*L-Lysine is more effectively used if taken on an empty stomach, at least 30 minutes away from meals or snacks. It does not require digestion, only dissolution. It has a very small size and is absorbed directly into the blood, is orthomolecular and does not require metabolism, being ready for use. **Essential amino acids have NO contraindications and L-lysine is recognized at European level by EFSA as safe for administration. At very high doses (above 6 g/day), discomfort in the digestive system may occur. The body does not produce them, they need to be taken from the outside and we need them all our lives. L-Lysine is an essential amino acid. For other recommendations, consult your doctor or therapist.

Thank you for taking time to read this article!

If you have any questions, please feel free to contact us:

Mail: office@thotnutrition.com

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[11] Wass C, Klamer D, Katsarogiannis E, Pålsson E, Svensson L, Fejgin K, Bogren IB, Engel JA, Rembeck B. L-lysine as adjunctive treatment in patients with schizophrenia: a single-blinded, randomized, cross-over pilot study. BMC Med. 2011 Apr 18;9:40.

[12] Vuvor, F., Mohammed, H., Ndanu, T. et al. Effect of lysine supplementation on hypertensive men and women in selected peri-urban community in Ghana. BMC Nutr 3, 67 (2017).

[13] Civitelli R, Villareal DT, Agnusdei D, Nardi P, Avioli LV, Gennari C. Dietary L-lysine and calcium metabolism in humans. Nutrition. 1992 Nov-Dec;8(6):400-5.

[14] Smriga M, Ghosh S, Mouneimne Y, Pellett PL, Scrimshaw NS. Lysine fortification reduces anxiety and lessens stress in family members in economically weak communities in Northwest Syria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 1;101(22):8285-8.

[15] Yamauchi M, Sricholpech M. Lysine post-translational modifications of collagen. Essays Biochem. 2012;52:113-33.

[16] Jang SK, Hong SE, Lee DH, Hong J, Park IC, Jin HO. Lysine is required for growth factor-induced mTORC1 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2020 Dec 17;533(4):945-951.

[17] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108.

[18] Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80216 as feed additive for all animal species

[19] Tomé D, Bos C. Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. J Nutr. 2007 Jun;137(6 Suppl 2):1642S-1645S.

[20] Comprehensive Safety Assessment of l-Lysine Supplementation from Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review. J Nutr. 2020 Oct 1;150(Suppl 1):2561S-2569S.